PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

Which factors are known to predispose individuals to hepatomas (hepatocellular carcinoma)?

1. Obesity and diabetes

2. Cirrhosis and smoking

3. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia

4. Aflatoxins and high-fat diet

The correct answer is: Cirrhosis and smoking

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as hepatoma, has several well-established risk factors that contribute to its development. Among these, cirrhosis is the most significant predispositional factor, as the scarring of the liver significantly increases the risk of liver cancer. Cirrhosis can develop from various underlying conditions, including chronic viral hepatitis B and C infections, excessive alcohol consumption, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Smoking is also a recognized risk factor for numerous types of cancer, including liver cancer, although its role in HCC specifically is less pronounced than that of cirrhosis. The carcinogenic effects of smoking can contribute to liver damage and, in combination with other factors like cirrhosis, may exacerbate the risk of developing hepatomas. The other choices present various factors that may have associations with liver health, but they do not have the same direct impact on the development of hepatomas. For example, while obesity and diabetes are significant risk factors for metabolic liver disease, their linkage to HCC is primarily mediated through the development of cirrhosis. Similarly, aflatoxins (toxic compounds produced by certain molds) and high-fat diets can contribute to hepatic damage and