PAEA Surgery End Of Rotation (EOR) Practice Exam

What are some factors related to the development of esophageal cancer?

1. Age, gender, diet

2. Family history, exercise, stress

3. Tobacco, alcohol, and GERD

4. Sleep patterns, travel history

The correct answer is: Tobacco, alcohol, and GERD

Several factors are significantly related to the development of esophageal cancer, with tobacco, alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) being some of the most critical risk factors. Tobacco use, whether through smoking or smokeless forms, is one of the largest contributors to esophageal cancer risk. The carcinogenic substances in tobacco can lead to mutations in the cells of the esophagus, which can eventually result in cancer. Alcohol consumption is another major risk factor. Chronic heavy drinking can damage the lining of the esophagus and lead to conditions that promote cancer development. When tobacco and alcohol are used together, the risk is synergistically increased. GERD, characterized by the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, can lead to esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus—a condition where the esophageal lining changes to a type more akin to intestinal lining. Barrett's esophagus is considered a precancerous condition and significantly raises the risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. These factors collectively highlight the importance of lifestyle choices and underlying medical conditions in the risk profile for esophageal cancer, making option C the most accurate choice. Other factors, while they may influence general health, do not have the same strong connection to esophageal cancer